Key Points

• Research suggests EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid beneficial for heart health, reducing triglycerides, and possibly aiding depression.
• It seems likely that EPA, found in fish like salmon and supplements, supports inflammation reduction, though evidence varies for other conditions.
• The evidence leans toward EPA being safe at recommended doses, but high intakes may increase bleeding risk, so consult a healthcare provider.

What is EPA Fatty Acid?

EPA, or eicosapentaenoic acid, is an omega-3 fatty acid commonly found in cold-water fish like tuna and salmon, often alongside docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It’s known for preventing blood clotting, lowering triglyceride levels, and potentially reducing pain and swelling.

Health Benefits

Studies, such as the REDUCE-IT trial, show EPA can reduce heart attack and stroke risk by up to 25% in certain patients, particularly when used as Vascepa with statins. It may also help with depression, especially when combined with antidepressants, and has anti-inflammatory effects, potentially benefiting conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

Safety and Dosage

EPA is generally safe, with mild side effects like nausea. However, doses over 3 grams daily of omega-3s may increase bleeding risk. Typical supplement doses are 1-2 grams daily, but consult a healthcare provider, especially if on blood-thinning medications.

Detailed Survey Note on EPA Fatty Acid

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid, is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with significant health implications, particularly in cardiovascular and inflammatory contexts. This note provides a comprehensive overview based on recent research and authoritative sources, ensuring a thorough understanding for health professionals and informed individuals.

Definition and Chemical Properties

EPA, also known as 20:5(n-3) or timnodonic acid, is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid with a 20-carbon chain and five cis double bonds, the first at the third carbon from the omega end. It is a carboxylic acid and a precursor to prostaglandin-3, thromboxane-3, and leukotriene-5 eicosanoids, playing a role in lipid metabolism. It is also a precursor and breakdown product of eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA: C22H35NO2; 20:5, n−3).

Sources and Dietary Intake

EPA is primarily obtained from dietary sources, with significant amounts in oily fish such as cod liver, herring, mackerel, salmon, menhaden, and sardines, as well as edible algae. It is also found in human breast milk and can be sourced from fish oil, algae oil, and supplements derived from microalgae like Nannochloropsis oculata, Monodus subterraneus, Chlorella minutissima, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Genetically modified camelina was reported in 2013 to produce significant EPA amounts. Trace amounts are present in purslane.

Specific food sources include:

• Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, cooked, 3 oz: 0.59 g EPA
• Salmon, Atlantic, wild, cooked, 3 oz: 0.35 g EPA
• Herring, Atlantic, cooked, 3 oz: 0.77 g EPA